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AWS networking

Site-to-Site VPN connections​

  • Site-to-Site VPN: setting up a secure connection between your on-premises network or another cloud environment and your AWS VPC
  • Steps:
    • create a Virtual Private Gateway in the VPC and attach it to your VPC
      • Virtual Private Gateway: the concentrator on the AWS side of the VPN
    • create a Customer Gateway in the VPC
      • Customer Gateway: represents your on-premise VPN device
      • need to set the static public IP address of your on-premise VPC device
    • create the VPN connection
      • establish the VPC connection between the Virtual Private Gateway and the Customer Gateway
      • download the VPN configuration
    • configure the on-premises VPN device
      • apply the VPN configuration settings to your on-premise VPN device as per the vendor-specific instructions
    • update the VPC route tables
      • add a route to your on-premise network, specifying the Virtual Private Gateway as the target
      • need to enable the Route Propagation for the route

Test

  • A company needs to establish a Site-to-Site VPN connection to integrate the on-premises database with the current AWS workload in the VPC. What needs to be configured outside of the VPC?
  • Answer: an Internet-routable IP address (static) of the customer gateway's external interface for the on-premises network.

Direct Connect (DX)​

![[direct_connect.png]]

  • Provides a dedicated private connection from a remote network to your VPC

  • Connections must be set up between your DC and AWS Direct Connect locations

  • VPC side

    • need to setup a Virtual Private Gateway (VGW)

  • AWS Direct Connect locations

    • AWS Direct Connect Endpoint (AWS Cage)
    • Customer or partner router (customer or partner cage)

  • Corporate data center

    • customer router/firewall

  • Private virtual interface (EC2 instances): customer router/firewall => customer/partner router => AWS Direct Connect Endpoint => VPC Virtual Private Gateway

  • Public virtual interface (S3): customer router/firewall => Customer/partner router => AWS Direct Connect Endpoint

  • Use cases

    • increase bandwidth throughput
    • work with large data sets with lower cost (without public Internet)
    • more consistent network experience - applications using real-time data feeds
    • hybrid environments (both on-premise and cloud)

  • Direct Connect Gateway

    • to setup a Direct Connect to one or more VPC in many different regions (same account)

  • Connection Types

    • dedicated connections: 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 100Gbps capacity
    • hosted connections: 50Mbps, 500Mbps to 10Gbps
    • it often takes longer than 1 month to establish a new connection

  • Encryption

    • data is not encrypted but it's private
    • Direct Connect + VPN provides an IPsec-encrypted private connection

  • Resiliency

    • high resiliency
      • multiple locations, one connection per location
      • maximum resiliency
        • multiple locations, two connections per location

  • Backup

    • Direct Connection + backup Direct Connection: expensive
    • Direct Connection + backup Site-to-Site VPC

Transit Gateway​

  • Amazon VPC Transit Gateways is a network transit hub used to interconnect virtual private clouds (VPCs) and on-premises networks. As your cloud infrastructure expands globally, inter-Region peering connects transit gateways together using the AWS Global Infrastructure.

    ![[transit_gateway.png]]

  • You can attach the following:

    • One or more VPCs
    • An Direct Connect gateway
    • A peering connection with another transit gateway
    • A VPN connection to a transit gateway

  • Key characteristics:

    • scalability: handles thousands of VPCs and connections without significant performance degration
    • centralization: offers a single point of connectivity, simplifying routing and monitoring
    • interoperability: supports both AWS and non-AWS environments through various connection types

  • Use cases:

    • hybrid cloud architectures: connect on-premises data centers with AWS environments seamlessly
    • multi-region deployments: facilitate communication between resources spread across different AWS regions.
    • enterprise networking: simplify the networking infrastructure for large organizations with multiple VPCs and subsidiaries.
    • microservices architectures: efficiently manage network traffic between numerous microservices deployed in different VPCs.
    • data center extension: extend on-premises data centers to the cloud without overcomplicating network configurations.

Traffic Mirroring​

  • Allows to capture and inspect network traffic in your VPC
    • source: ENIs
    • target: an ENI or a Network Load Balancer
  • Use cases:
    • content inspection, threat monitoring, trouble shooting

IPv6​

  • Every IPv6 address in AWS is public and Internet-routable (no private range)

  • examples:

    • 1111:db8:3333:4444:5555:6666:7777:8888
    • :: => all 8 segments are zero
    • :🔢4567 => the first 6 segments are zero
    • 1234:5678:: => the last 6 segments are zero

  • IPv4 cannot be disabled for VPCs and subnets

  • If you cannot launch an EC2 instance in your subnet

    • because there are no available IPv4 in the subnet
    • you should create a new IPv4 CIDR in the subnet

  • Enable IPv6

    • edit CIDR of your VPC, add IPv6 CIDR
      • this will automatically add a route to all route tables
    • edit CIDR of your subnets

Egress only Internet Gateway​

  • Allows outbound communication over IPv6 from instances in the VPC to the Internet, but not allow inbound communications
  • Similar:
    • NAT for IPv4: instance => NAT Gateway => Internet Gateway => Internet
    • Egress only Internet Gateway for IPv6: instance => EIGW => Internet

Costs​

  • Ingress traffic: typically free
  • Egress traffic: not free
  • Use private IP instead of public IP for good savings and better network performance
  • Try to keep as much internet traffic within AWS to minimize costs
  • Direct Connect locations that are co-located in the same AWS region results in lower cost for egress network

Summary​

  • CIDR: IP range

  • VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): define a list of IPv4 & IPv6 CIDR

  • Subnets: tied to an AZ, within a VPC, define a CIDR

  • Internet Gateway: at the VPC level, provide IPv4 and IPv6 Internet access

  • Route table: must be updated to add routes from subnets to IGW, VPC peering connections, VPC Endpoints

  • Bastion Host: public EC2 instance to SSH into, that has SSH connectivity to EC2 instances in private subnets

  • NAT Gateway: managed by AWS, provides scalable Internet access to private EC2 instances when the target is an IPv4 address

  • NACL: at the subnet level, stateless, inbound and outbound rules

  • Security groups: at the EC2 instance level, stateful

  • VPC peering: connect two VPCs with no overlapping CIDR, non-transitive

  • VPC endpoints: provides private access to AWS services (S3, DynamoDB, CloudFormation) within a VPC

  • VPC flow logs: can be setup at the VPC/subnet/ENI level, for ACCEPT/REJECT traffic, helps identifying attacks, analyze using Athena/CloudWatch Logs Insights

  • Site-to-Site VPN: setup a Customer Gateway on DC, a Virtual Private Gateway on VPC, and Site-to-Site VPN over public Internet

  • AWS VPN CloudHub: hub-and-spoke VPN model to connect your sites

  • Direct Connect: setup a virtual private gateway on VPC, and establish a direct private connection to an AWS Direct Connect Location

  • Direct Connect Gateway: setup a Direct Connect to many VPCs in different AWS regions

  • AWS PrivateLink/VPC Endpoint Service:

    • connect services privately from your service VPC to customer VPC
    • doesn't need VPC peering, public Internet, NAT Gateway, or Route Tables
    • must be used with Network Load Balancer & ENI

  • Transit Gateway: transitive peering connections for VPC, VPN & DX

  • Traffic Mirroring: copy network traffic from ENIs for further analysis

  • Egress-only Internet Gateway: like a NAT Gateway, but for IPv6

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최종 수정: 에 daniel.guo가